SAL 2 Report – Have we ever wondered why we are in this world? How do we find the meaning of life in such a dynamic and ever-changing reality? In the religious landscape of the archipelago, Javanese beliefs offer a unique and profound perspective on human relationships with the universe, God, and fellow humans. Three central ideas in Javanese philosophy—Sangkan Paraning Dumadi, Manunggaling Kawula Gusti, and Memayu Hayuning Bawono—form the basis of Javanese religious practices and ethics. This philosophy is interrelated and constitute a holistic cosmological system, uniting humans with the universe in a harmonious order.
First, Sangkan Paraning Dumadi literally means “the origin and purpose of existence.” This concept invites humans to reflect on their origins, where they come from and where they will return to. Through deep reflection, one is expected to find a deeper meaning of life and uncover the true purpose of existence. In Javanese philosophy, Sangkan Paraning Dumadi describes a spiritual journey that connects the individuals to their cosmic origins. Just as a tree grows from a seed, humans are also considered to have deep roots that connect them to the wider universe.
This reflection also implies an ontological connection between humans and the universe. Humans are seen as an integral part of an unbroken cosmic cycle. In this view, human existence does not stand alone but is embedded within a larger order encompassing all of creation. By understanding the origin and purpose of existence, one can find balance in life, realizing that every action has an impact on the entire cosmos.
Second, Manunggaling Kawula Gusti refers to the union between kawula (human) and Gusti (God). This concept underscores the importance of a spiritual connection between human beings and a higher power. This union is not understood as a literal, physical merging ,but rather as a profound mystical experience in which the boundaries between the individual and the cosmos become blurred.
In Javanese spiritual practices, Manunggaling Kawula Gusti is often realized through meditation, prayer, and ritual. Through these practices, individuals seek closeness to God and strive for spiritual oneness. These mystical experiences bring inner peace and a deeper understanding of existence. In such sacred moments, one may feel God’s presence both within and around them, fostering a deep sense of harmony and serenity.
Third, Memayu Hayuning Bawono literally means “to beautify the world”, implying the responsibility of humans to maintain and enhance the world order. This concept emphasizes the importance of ecological and social balance. As part of the universe, humans have a moral obligation to care for the earth and all living things in it. For Javanese believers, practices such as Sedekah Bumi (earth alms), Merti Dusun (village cleansing), and Nyadran (a tradition of praying for ancestors) are concrete manifestations of Memayu Hayuning Bawono in daily life.
In a modern context, Memayu Hayuning Bawono offers a relevant perspective on the need to maintain ecological and social harmony. In an age of globalization marked by environmental degradation and social disintegration, this concept provides moral guidance on how to live harmoniously with nature and others. By caring for the earth and all living beings, we not only fulfill our moral obligation but also contribute to building a more sustainable and peaceful world.
In these practices, Javanese believers do not differentiate between the roles of men and women; both have very important roles. Women, in particular, often serve as the guardians of tradition and ancestral wisdom. The concept of Ibu Pertiwi, which symbolizes the earth as a mother, also shows the importance of women’s role in preserving nature.
These Javanese philosophical concepts are not only relevant in a historical context but remain highly applicable today. In an era shaped by environmental and spiritual crises, Memayu Hayuning Bawono provides fresh insight into the importance of ecological stewardship, while Manunggaling Kawula Gusti helps address the often-neglected spiritual dimension of modern life.
Globalization has brought significant changes to the religious practices of Javanese believers. Like two sides of a coin, globalization brings both positive and negative impacts. On the one hand, it enables exposure to diverse religious traditions, enriching spiritual understanding. On the other, it introduces consumerism and individualism, which can erode traditional values.
Nonetheless, these three concepts remain interwoven in religious practice and daily life. Together, they form a coherent value system: Sangkan Paraning Dumadi provides the ontological foundation, Manunggaling Kawula Gusti provides the spiritual dimension, and Memayu Hayuning Bawono provides the ethical dimension. These principles are not merely philosophical ideas but are embodied in laku (daily behavior) and various rituals and ceremonies.
It can be concluded that Sangkan Paraning Dumadi, Manunggaling Kawula Gusti, and Memayu Hayuning Bawono are three core tenets of Javanese philosophy that offer a holistic and integrated understanding of human life. These concepts remain deeply relevant today. By embracing the values embedded within them, we can aspire to create a more harmonious, sustainable, and meaningful society.
By living out these philosophies, we are invited to reflect on our origins and life’s purpose, deepen our spiritual connection with God, and take responsibility for maintaining the harmony of the world. In the face of globalization and environmental crises, these values offer timeless guidance for leading a more fulfilling and sustainable life.
Credit: Kurnia
